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3. Read the text and answer the questions.

Warm Waters Caused Many Sea Creatures to Move Far North

A study has found that warmer waters off North America's West Coast caused many kinds of sea life to move farther north than ever before.The study was a project of scientists from the University of California, Davis. The scientists examined waters off the coast of Northern California in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The researchers say they identified a total of 67 species between 2014 and 2016, during what

was described as a"marine heatwave." Marine heatwaves were defined in the study "as periods of extreme sea surface temperatures lasting for days to months."The 2014-2016 heatwave is thought to be the largest ever recorded. The report says this weather event began in 2013when a "warm-water blob" formed in the Gulf of Alaska. The warm water later moved southward toward California.

El Niño conditions

El Niño often causes ocean temperatures in the area to rise between 2 to 4 degrees Celsius,the study found. The researchers reported that 37 of the 67 species they studied had never before been observed so far north as California. These creatures are native to an area hundreds of kilometers to the south, mainly around Baja California in Mexico. Some species were discovered outside a marine laboratory belonging to the University of California, Davis.A few were even found north of California, off the state of Oregon. The northward travel of so many different sea creatures was considered "unprecedented" by the researchers. Among the species identified in the study were a meateating sea slug that hunts other sea slugs, a

a. What is the"marine heatwave"?

sea snail "butterfly"and a purple-lined jellyfish.Another unexpected visitor was the pelagic red crab, which researchers said had only been found in areas off the coast of Mexico. Scientists involved in the study believe the findings can provide valuable information for predicting future sea life reactions to warming oceans. A 2018 Rutgers study estimated climate change will force hundreds of fish species and other creatures to seek out cooler waters in coming years. Using climate models, researchers predicted that some species along the U.S.and Canadian Pacific coasts will move as far as 1,400 kilometers north from their current habitats.

b。What phenomenon does El Nino cause?

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