Libro de Uerakua Anapu Uantakua Projects And Readings 2 EGB

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Automatons: The Ancestors of Robots

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Automaton: programmable automatic machine that moves by itself. Timeline: 1495 Automa Cavaliere, 1515 Da Vinci's Lion, 1738 Vaucanson, 2002 NASA replica. Vaucanson: two shepherds and a digesting duck.

📚 theory ingles ⭐⭐ Dificultad 2/5 ⏱ 6 min lectura

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Uérakua anapu uantakua. Projects and Readings. Libro de Educación Secundaria Grado 2° Ciclo Escolar 2025 - 2026

Ejercicio 1

Read the text and answer: What is an automaton?

Localizo la definición en el primer párrafo: "Automatons, from the Greek word automatos, or 'mechanic engine that moves by itself'".
Completo con la segunda parte: "are programmable automatic machines that can perform certain actions on their own and replace humans in some tasks".
Un automaton es, entonces, una máquina automática programable que actúa por sí sola.

Respuesta

An automaton is a programmable automatic machine that moves by itself, performs actions on its own and can replace humans in some tasks.

Ejercicio 2

Complete the timeline with the events mentioned in the text.

1495: Leonardo da Vinci diseña el Automa Cavaliere, un robot mecánico que podía sentarse, pararse, girar la cabeza, cruzar los brazos y levantar la visera del casco.
1515: Giuliano de Medici presenta el león mecánico Da Vinci's Lion al rey Francisco I de Francia; el león caminó, se detuvo ante el rey y abrió su pecho para ofrecerle lirios.
1738 (aprox.): Jacques de Vaucanson construye sus autómatas más famosos: dos pastores que tocaban instrumentos reales y un pato digestivo.
2002: El ingeniero Mark Rosheim, de la NASA, construye una copia del diseño de Da Vinci y verifica su funcionamiento.

Respuesta

1495 Automa Cavaliere; 1515 Da Vinci's Lion; 1738 Vaucanson's automatons; 2002 NASA replica.

Ejercicio 3

Answer: Why can we say Da Vinci's automaton really worked?

El texto aclara que no se sabe si Da Vinci lo construyó: "We are not sure if Da Vinci really built that automaton".
Pero agrega la evidencia: "we know it worked because, in 2002, engineer Mark Rosheim from NASA made a copy of this design and verified its operation".
Por lo tanto, la prueba es la réplica funcional hecha por Rosheim en 2002.

Respuesta

Because in 2002 NASA engineer Mark Rosheim built a copy of the design and verified that it worked.

Ejercicio 4

Answer: What were Vaucanson's three most popular automatons?

El texto dice: "Three are popular: Two of them were shepherds who played real instruments, and the other one was a digesting duck".
Identifico los tres: dos pastores que tocaban instrumentos reales y un pato que digería.
El más famoso era el pato ("This was the most famous one").

Respuesta

Two shepherds who played real instruments and a digesting duck (the most famous one).

Ejercicio 5

Find in the text the words in bold and explain them in Spanish.

programmable automatic machines → máquinas automáticas programables: ejecutan acciones por sí solas siguiendo un conjunto de instrucciones.
armed knight → caballero armado: traducción italiana de Automa Cavaliere, el robot con armadura diseñado por Da Vinci.
shepherds → pastores: los dos autómatas de Vaucanson que tocaban instrumentos musicales reales.

Respuesta

programmable automatic machines = máquinas automáticas programables; armed knight = caballero armado; shepherds = pastores.

Contenido de la página

Automatons

The Ancestors of Robots

Automatons, from the Greek word automatos, or "mechanic engine that moves by itself," are programmable automatic machines that can perform certain actions on their own and replace humans in some tasks. The first automatons were the result of human fascination with producing amazing creations.

An example of this was the Automa Cavaliere —or "armed knight" in Italian— designed by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. It was a mechanical robot that, according to his drawings, could sit, stand, turn its head, cross its arms, and pull up the visor of its helmet. We are not sure if Da Vinci really built that automaton, but we know it worked because, in 2002, engineer Mark Rosheim from NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) made a copy of this design and verified its operation. He even applied some of Da Vinci's ideas to NASA robots.

After the Automa Cavaliere, Leonardo designed and created Da Vinci's Lion, this automaton was capable of walking by itself. In 1515, Giuliano de Medici presented this incredible mechanical lion to King Francis I of France. To everyone's surprise, the lion crossed the hall, stopped in front of the king, and opened its chest to give him lilies.

Two centuries later, around 1738, Jacques de Vaucanson, one of the greatest automaton makers in history, made several creations. Three are popular: Two of them were shepherds who played real instruments, and the other one was a digesting duck. This was the most famous one.

Tabla

Year	Creator	Automaton	Key feature
1495	Leonardo da Vinci	Automa Cavaliere	Could sit, stand, turn its head, cross its arms and lift its visor
1515	Leonardo da Vinci	Da Vinci's Lion	Walked by itself and opened its chest to give lilies to the king
1738	Jacques de Vaucanson	Two shepherds and a digesting duck	Shepherds played real instruments; the duck could digest food
2002	Mark Rosheim (NASA)	Replica of the Automa Cavaliere	Verified that Da Vinci's design worked

Diagrama

timeline
    title Timeline of automatons
    1495 : Leonardo da Vinci designs the Automa Cavaliere
    1515 : Da Vinci's Lion is presented to King Francis I of France
    1738 : Jacques de Vaucanson builds his automatons (two shepherds and a digesting duck)
    2002 : NASA engineer Mark Rosheim builds and verifies a replica of the Automa Cavaliere

Glosario (8)

Automaton: Máquina automática programable que se mueve y actúa por sí sola; antecesora del robot.
Automatos: Palabra griega que significa 'que se mueve por sí mismo'.
Programmable automatic machine: Máquina automática programable capaz de ejecutar acciones por sí sola.
Automa Cavaliere: Robot mecánico diseñado por Leonardo da Vinci en 1495; en italiano significa 'caballero armado'.
Visor: Visera del casco de una armadura.
Shepherds: Pastores; en el texto, dos autómatas de Vaucanson que tocaban instrumentos reales.
Digesting duck: Pato digestivo; el autómata más famoso de Jacques de Vaucanson.
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, agencia espacial de Estados Unidos.

Preguntas para practicar

Why were automatons important for the history of technology?

Because they were the first machines capable of moving and acting by themselves, and they inspired the development of modern robots and programmable machines.

What does the story of Da Vinci's Lion tell us about the relationship between art and engineering?

It shows that in the Renaissance art and engineering were not separate: Da Vinci used mechanical knowledge to create a spectacle for a king, combining design, mechanics and imagination.

Temas y conceptos clave

AutómatasAntecesores de los robotsLeonardo da VinciJacques de VaucansonIngeniería mecánicaAutomatonProgrammable automatic machineAutoma CavaliereDa Vinci's LionDigesting duckNASA replica

Fuentes y referencias

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Diseños y dibujos de Leonardo da Vinci (Códices)

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Figuras de la página (3)

Ilustración tipo estampilla con un paisaje y un cuerpo de agua. — Figura 1 image

Fotografía del Automa Cavaliere: armadura metálica de caballero sobre una base, junto a un esquema mecánico con engranajes. — Figura 2 image

Retrato de Jacques de Vaucanson, con peluca blanca y traje de la época, dentro de un óvalo. — Figura 3 image

Preguntas que la gente también hace

¿Qué es un autómata y en qué se diferencia de un robot?

Consulta la solución completa arriba o explora el libro entero para temas relacionados.

¿Quién fue Jacques de Vaucanson y qué autómatas construyó?

Consulta la solución completa arriba o explora el libro entero para temas relacionados.

¿Cómo comprobó la NASA que el autómata de Da Vinci funcionaba?

Consulta la solución completa arriba o explora el libro entero para temas relacionados.

📌 Antes de leer esto

• Vocabulario básico en inglés sobre máquinas y tecnología
• Uso de tiempos pasados simples en inglés (was, could, made)
• Nociones generales del Renacimiento y de la Revolución Industrial

Siguiente tema sugerido

Robots modernos y la robótica en la exploración espacial

📝 Transcripción de la página (texto seleccionable) 1529 caracteres

Automatons The Ancestors of Robots

Automatons, from the Greek word automatos, or"mechanic engine that moves by itself," are programmable automatic machines that can perform certain actions on their own and replace humans in some tasks. The first automatons were the result of human fascination with producing amazing creations.

da Vinci in 1495.It was a mechanical robot that,according to his drawings, could sit, stand, turn its head, cross its arms, and pull up the visor of its helmet. We are not sure if Da Vinci really built that automaton, but we know it worked because, in 2002, engineer Mark Rosheim from NAsA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) made a copy of this design and verified its operation. He even applied some of Da Vinci's ideas to NASA robots.

After the Automa Cavaliere, Leonardo designed and created Da Vinci's Lion, this automaton was capable of walking by itself. In 1515, Giuliano de Medici presented this incredible mechanical lion to King Francis I of France. To everyone's surprise, the lion crossed the hall, stopped in front of the king, and opened its chest to give him lilies.

Two centuries later, around 1738,Jacques de Vaucanson, one of the greatest automaton makers in history.made several creations.Three are popular: Two of them were shepherds who played real instruments, and the other one was a digesting duck. This was the most famous one.

C 16

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